中印地表水环境管理体系及水质标准对比分析

作者	单位	E-mail
王洁	中国科学院青藏高原研究所, 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室, 北京 100101 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
牛家微	中国科学院青藏高原研究所, 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室, 北京 100101 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
朱桂丽	中国科学院青藏高原研究所, 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室, 北京 100101 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049 西藏自治区生态环境监测中心, 西藏拉萨 850000
路子健	中国科学院青藏高原研究所, 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室, 北京 100101 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
李明月	中国科学院青藏高原研究所, 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室, 北京 100101 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
张强弓	中国科学院青藏高原研究所, 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室, 北京 100101 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049	qianggong.zhang@itpcas.ac.cn

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中文摘要:

随着全球环境污染和水资源短缺问题的加剧,水环境治理与水质标准体系的协调和统一问题在跨国合作中变得愈发重要并受到广泛关注。中印两国作为用水大国,在水环境管理体系和地表水水质标准(包括指标设置和功能区划)上均存在显著差异。本文通过对比中印两国在水环境管理体系、水质标准指标及其限值设置上的异同发现,在水环境管理体系方面,中国实行中央统一管理与全国一体化监测,生态环境部主导标准制定,并依托"9+X"模式构建了覆盖全国的地表水监测网络;印度则以联邦分权为特征,各邦在水质管理中拥有较强主导权,中央污染控制委员会提供国家框架与协调支持,形成了中央指导与地方主导并行的水质监测机制。在水质指标及其限值设置方面,中国在温度、溶解氧、重金属等方面设定了较为严格的标准,尤其是在汞、铬等有毒重金属的控制上表现突出,并且注重水源地保护;印度则在放射性物质指标设定上更加细致,另外还强调对特定用途水域(如户外沐浴用水)的保护。中国需加强对相邻国家水质标准的研究分析,加强对国际河流水质的监测,提高水质问题预警能力,并与邻国共建水质监测平台。这些措施有助于提高跨国水资源开发利用合作水平,促进可持续发展,减少潜在的水资源争端。

英文摘要:

As global environmental pollution escalates and water resource shortages become more acute,the coordination and harmonization of water environmental governance and water quality standards systems have become increasingly important and garnered widespread attention in international cooperation.As major water users,China and India display notable differences in their water environmental management systems and surface water quality standards,including indicator settings and functional zoning.This paper compares the similarities and differences between China and India in terms of their water environmental management systems,water quality standards indicator factors,and limit settings.The analysis reveals that regarding the water environmental management system,China implements centralized,unified national management and integrated monitoring.The Ministry of Ecology and Environment leads standard formulation and has established a nationwide surface water monitoring network based on a "9+X" model.In contrast,India's system is characterized by federal decentralization,where states hold significant authority in water quality management.The Central Pollution Control Board provides a national framework and coordination support,forming a water quality monitoring mechanism with parallel central guidance and local leadership.Regarding water quality indicator factors and limit settings,China has implemented stricter standards for parameters such as temperature,dissolved oxygen,and heavy metals,particularly excelling in controlling toxic heavy metals like mercury and chromium,while also emphasizing source water protection.India offers more detailed standards about radioactive substances and specific-use water bodies,such as those designated for outdoor bathing.China needs to strengthen research and analysis of neighboring countries' water quality standards,enhance monitoring of international river water quality,improve early warning systems for water quality issues,and establish a collaborative water quality monitoring platform with neighboring nations.These initiatives can help improve the level of cooperation in transboundary water resource development and utilization,promote sustainable development,and mitigate potential water resource disputes.

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